Translation by Sasha Pettigrew, BA in Spanish Philology & Spanish American Studies, Translator and EFL educator.
pettigrew.sasha@gmail.com
Insert or paste text in the box below and press the button "Convert":
Lectura directa,
Our application consists of a text box where you can type or paste any text in normative writing, and, using the command, "CONVERT", to obtain a conversion to our direct reading system, quickly and easily.
In addition, we also offer the option of choosing between Northern Peninsular Spanish or Southern Peninsular and Latin American Spanish.
Furthermore, you have the option of writing all of the text in capital letters, which many pedagogical trends advise using to improve the process of learning to read.
Unlike many other languages, Spanish has a system of writing that we could categorize as “mathematical.” There are no exceptions, since every written expression corresponds to one, and only one reading interpretation, (except in the unique case of “w” which went from being pronounced as /b/ due to the influence of the German, to being pronounced as /gu/, due to the influence of the English.) This fact is an undeniable advantage in the learning and practice of reading and writing, since there is no ambiguity and we know in advance how a word should be read, without having prior knowledge of reading it.
However, that is not to say that the system of writing is simple or completely biunivocal, (that each sound corresponds to one, and only one letter), which would be ideal for easy and effective learning.
In our writing, there are five circumstances that prevent biuniqueness:
Perhaps it would be logical in the current historical and linguistic context, to make biunivocal changes to the Spanish spelling that exceeded the circumstances that we have just described, to facilitate literary acquisition, and with it, the dissemination of our language. But this is beyond our reach. Therefore, in order to simplify the learning and practice of reading, we offer this simple computer application that allows us a biunivocal reading, which, also safeguards the current spelling, by marking in red all of the changes that we have inserted in the text and which indicate to us, in the normative writing system, that they are written in a different way. It will suffice to have the equivalency table on hand to determine how something is written with the official spelling.
Here we point out the changes that occur with our LDŘF system:
| NORMATIVE SPELLING | ➝ | OUR SPELLING |
| (a e i o u)h! | ➝ | ( |
| c followed by e,i | ➝ | |
| ch | ➝ | |
| g followed by e,i | ➝ | |
| gu followed by e,i | ➝ | |
| h(a e i o u) | ➝ | ( |
| k | ➝ | |
| ll | ➝ | |
| qu | ➝ | |
| r at the beginning of a word or after a consonant l, n o s | ➝ | |
| rr | ➝ | |
| ü | ➝ | |
| v | ➝ | |
| w | ➝ | |
| y at the end of a word | ➝ | |
| x | ➝ | |
| On the other hand, at the phonological level, Spanish contains a subtle difference between what we can call the Northern Peninsular variety (from the central and northern Iberian Peninsula) and the Southern Peninsular and Latin American variety (southern Iberian Peninsula, the Canary Islands and Latin America). It differentiates between the (Northern Peninsular) and the (Southern Peninsular and Latin American varieties with the distinction between the sibilant /s / y / z/. In the case of Southern Peninsular and Latin American Spanish, only the archiphoneme /S/ is used. For this reason, in our application, we offer two versions: Northern Peninsular Spanish and Southern Peninsular and Latin American Spanish. This sole difference is reflected in the Southern Peninsular and Latin American Spanish version with a distinguishing command: | ||
| c, followed by e,i | ➝ | |
| z | ➝ | |
In addition, there are many literacy experts who defend the use of exclusively capital letters during the early stages of learning. This is due to their being more easily identified because there are no graphic varieties, since all of the letters are the same size and they are not connected, (which could hinder their interpretation). Consequently, we have also included a command that allows for all of the text to be typed in capital letters.
Ultimately, we believe that our Lectura directa,
They are the same, except in the following case:
Here we give a simplified explanation for those who are not specialists in Linguistics and/or Spanish Philology. We only hope to explain the current phonological system of Spanish, at the basic level and for a better understanding of our application.
Currently, Spanish has twenty two or twenty three distinguishing sounds of meaning or phonemes. There are five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/) and seventeen (Southern Peninsular & Latin American Spanish) or eighteen (Central & Northern Peninsular Spanish) consonants (/b, c (k), č, d, f, g, j, l, m, n, ñ, p, r, ř, s, t, y, z/). As we explained previously, the difference between the Central and Northern Peninsular Spanish and that of the Southern Peninsular and Latin America variety, is the neutralization, (or fusion into one) or not, as the case may be, of the phonemes /s/y/z/.
We have also eliminated the phoneme system /l’/ (which corresponds to digraph ll because it is residual, since it now appears only in the sphere of influence of other languages that include it as a phoneme, (Galician-Portuguese, Catalan and Pre-Hispanic Andean languages). In reality, the sound l’ (letter “ll”) is today only an allophone, (phonetic variety) of the phoneme /y/; although historically, it was a phoneme, (as was also the /v/).
Now we will define in alphabetical order, the Spanish phonemes and reproduce them, (graphically and as sounds), according to our system, with their correspondence in the spelling system, (in parentheses) and with an example, (also represented orthographically and reproduced sonorously). It will be necessary to follow the table of equivalents, in order to know how to spell the signs in red in our system:
The Spanish vocalic subsystem consists of five (5) vowels that are defined by their degree of vowel aperture, (open /a/, mid /e/ /o/, close /i/ /u/) and their place of articulation (front /e/ /i/, central /a/, back /o/ /u/):
| PHONEME | LETTER(S) | DEGREE OF APERTURE | PLACE OF ARTICULATION | EXAMPLES |
| /a/ | (a) | open | central | /casa/, /cantar/ → /car/, /carnivorous/ |
| /e/ | (e) | mid | front | /teme/, /beber/ → /fence/, /temper/ |
| /i/ | (i, y(at the end of the word)) | close | front | /Trini/, /viví/, /rey/ → /Brie/, /green/, /spree/, /happy/ |
| /o/ | (o) | mid | back | /moto/, /tocó/ → /ogre/ /oppress/ |
| /u/ | (u) | close | back | /yuyu /, /Lulú/ → /scoop/, /loop/ |
The Spanish consonant subsystem consists of seventeen (17) or eighteen (18) consonants, (depending on if it is Northern Peninsular Spanish or Southern Peninsular & Latin American Spanish). They are defined by channel of air output, (oral or nasal), place of articulation, (labial, dental, alveolar, palatal or velar), manner of articulation, (occlusive, fricative, affricate, lateral or vibrating (single or multiple)) and whether they are produced by the vocal cords (voiced or voiceless):
| PHONEME | LETTER(S) | CHANNEL | PLACE | MANNER | VOCAL CORDS | EXAMPLES |
| /b/ | (b,v) | oral | labial | occlusive-fricative | sonorous | /vivo/ /bebí/ → /vivacious/ /baby/ |
| /c/ | (c, qu, k) | oral | velar | occlusive | voiceless | /casa/ /queso/ /kilo/ → /quick/ /kosher/ /kilo/ |
| /č/ | (ch) | oral | palatal | affricate | voiceless | /chato/ /coche/ /choo-choo/ /archbishop/ |
| /d/ | (d) | oral | dental | occlusive-fricative | sonorous | /dedo/ /dado/ → /desk/ /dawn/ |
| /f/ | (f) | oral | labial | fricative | voiceless | /fofo/ /feo/ → /fork/ /face/ |
| /g/ | (g, gu) | oral | velar | occlusive-fricative | sonorous | /guerra/ /mago/ → /guava/ /Greek/ /organization/ |
| /j/ | (j, g(e, i)) | oral | velar | fricative | voiceless | /gente/ /caja/ → /history/ /behead/ |
| /l/ | (l) | oral | palatal | lateral | sonorous | /lila/ /lado/ → /Libra/ /lactobacillus/ |
| /m/ | (m) | nasal | labial | occlusive | sonorous | /mamá/ /mimo/ → /machinary/ /hemochrome/ |
| /n/ | (n) | nasal | dental | occlusive | sonorous | /enano/ /nene/ → /nanotechnology/ /negative/ |
| /ñ/ | (ñ) | nasal | palatal | occlusive | sonorous | /ñandú/ /ñoño/ → There is no English equivalent, although the closest equivalent in English would be: /ni/ (ni or ny) → /onion/ /canyon/ |
| /p/ | (p) | oral | labial | occlusive | voiceless | /pepe/ /papá/ → /pet/ /pastrami/ |
| /r/ | (r) | oral | dental | vibrating single | sonorous | /cara/ /muro/ → /carbon/ /distribution/ |
| /ř/ | (r, rr) | oral | dental | vibrating multiple | sonorous | /rama/ /carro/ → /rapport/ /corrosive/ |
| /s/ | (s) | oral | palatal | fricative | voiceless | /sosa/ /sisa/ → /sociology/ /partisan/ |
| /t/ | (t) | oral | dental | occlusive | voiceless | /tata/ /tita/ → /taut/ /parliamentary/ |
| /y/ | (y, ll) | oral | palatal | affricate-fricative | sonorous | /yo/ /llave/ → /yodel/ /yawn/ |
| /z/ | (z, c(e,i)) | oral | dental | fricative | voiceless | /cine/ /zona/ → /cigarette/ /zebra/ |
In the Southern Peninsular and Latin American system, the phoneme /z/ (letters z, c (before e, i)) are neutralized in the /s/, and converted into an archiphoneme, having lost any distinction between them. Thus, they will be written as: /sapato/, /cansión/, /sepiyo/; while in the Northern Peninsular system, they will be pronounced: /zapato/, /canción/, /zepiyo/. And in the normative spelling, they will be written as zapato, canción and cepillo.
This project is the initiative of:
Francisco Carrión Robles
Primary school teacher, Spanish Philologist and teacher of Spanish language and literature.
carrionrobles@gmail.com
Technical development and support: LorenzoMoreno.com.
(c) 2018 Francisco Carrión Robles